Stress Hormone in Pregnancy Bolsters Child’s Early Language Skills

Summary: Higher cortisol levels, a stress hormone, during the third trimester of pregnancy may boost speech and language skills in early childhood.

A new study analyzed data from over 1,000 Danish women and children, finding that boys exposed to high prenatal cortisol levels could say more words, while girls understood more words at an earlier age. This work contributes to our understanding of cortisol’s role in fetal brain development and child maturation.

The researchers plan to investigate further whether prenatal cortisol exposure is also associated with higher IQ scores in children.

Key Facts:

High levels of the stress hormone cortisol during the third trimester of pregnancy can enhance early language development in children.
Boys exposed to high prenatal cortisol levels could articulate more words between the ages of 12-37 months, while girls were better at understanding more words at 12-21 months.
This is the first study to explore the connection between maternal cortisol levels and language development in children over time, providing new insights into the role of prenatal cortisol exposure in fetal maturation and child development.

High levels of the stress hormone cortisol during the third trimester of pregnancy may improve speech and language skills in the first 3 years of a child’s life, according to research presented at the 25th European Congress of Endocrinology in Istanbul. The findings help researchers further understand the role cortisol plays in both fetal and child development.

Language development during early childhood can indicate how well a baby’s nervous system was developed in the womb. Prenatal exposure to cortisol – a steroid hormone that helps the body respond to stress – directs the growth of a fetus and also affects its brain development. However, the effects cortisol has on early language development remain unknown.

In this study, researchers from the Odense University Hospital analysed data on the cortisol levels of 1,093 Danish women during their third trimester of pregnancy and on the speech and language skills of 1,093 Danish children aged 12-37 months, from the Odense Child Cohort.

They found that boys exposed to high cortisol levels in the womb could say more words at ages 12-37 months, while girls were better at understanding more words at the age of 12-21 months.

“To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the association between maternal cortisol levels and language development in children over time, also taking offspring sex and maternal educational level into account,” said Dr Anja Fenger Dreyer, who was involved in the study.

She added: “We have had access to a large study cohort, high-quality methods of analysis and relevant covariates, making our study an important contribution to the physiological understanding of prenatal cortisol exposure in fetal maturation and child development.”

The team will next assess whether children exposed to high cortisol in the womb are more likely to have higher intelligence quotient (IQ) scores. Except for the data on maternal cortisol levels and early language development, the Odense Child Cohort also has data on intelligence tests carried out by children aged 7 years old.

“Early language development in children is known as a predictor for cognitive function later in life, such as attention, memory and learning, so we want to investigate whether prenatal cortisol exposure is also associated with IQ scores of children aged 7 years old,” said Dr Fenger Dreyer.