About twice as many women as men experience depression. Several factors may increase a woman’s risk of depression.
Women are nearly twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with depression. Depression can occur at any age.
Some mood changes and depressed feelings occur with normal hormonal changes. But hormonal changes alone don’t cause depression. Other biological factors, inherited traits, and personal life circumstances and experiences are associated with a higher risk of depression. Here’s what contributes to depression in women.
Puberty
Hormone changes during puberty may increase some girls’ risk of developing depression. However, temporary mood swings related to fluctuating hormones during puberty are normal — these changes alone don’t cause depression.
Puberty is often associated with other experiences that can play a role in depression, such as:
- Emerging sexuality and identity issues
- Conflicts with parents
- Increasing pressure to achieve in school, sports or other areas of life
After puberty, depression rates are higher in females than in males. Because girls typically reach puberty before boys do, they’re more likely to develop depression at an earlier age than boys are. There is evidence to suggest that this depression gender gap may continue throughout the lifespan.
Premenstrual problems
For most females with premenstrual syndrome (PMS), symptoms such as abdominal bloating, breast tenderness, headache, anxiety, irritability and experiencing the blues are minor and short-lived.
But a small number of females have severe and disabling symptoms that disrupt their studies, jobs, relationships or other areas of their lives. At that point, PMS may cross the line into premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) — a type of depression that generally requires treatment.
The exact interaction between depression and PMS remains unclear. It’s possible that cyclical changes in estrogen, progesterone and other hormones can disrupt the function of brain chemicals such as serotonin that control mood. Inherited traits, life experiences and other factors appear to play a role.
Pregnancy
Dramatic hormonal changes occur during pregnancy, and these can affect mood. Other issues also may increase the risk of developing depression during pregnancy or during attempts to become pregnant, such as:
- Lifestyle or work changes or other life stressors
- Relationship problems
- Previous episodes of depression, postpartum depression or PMDD
- Lack of social support
- Unintended or unwanted pregnancy
- Miscarriage
- Infertility
- Stopping use of antidepressant medications
Postpartum depression
Many new mothers find themselves sad, angry and irritable, and experience crying spells soon after giving birth. These feelings — sometimes called the baby blues — are normal and generally subside within a week or two. But more-serious or long-lasting depressed feelings may indicate postpartum depression, particularly if signs and symptoms include:
- Crying more often than usual
- Low self-esteem or feeling like you’re a bad mom
- Anxiety or feeling numb
- Trouble sleeping, even when your baby is sleeping
- Problems with daily functioning
- Inability to care for your baby
- Thoughts of harming your baby
- Thoughts of suicide
Postpartum depression is a serious medical condition requiring prompt treatment. It occurs in about 10 to 15 percent of women. It’s thought to be associated with:
- Major hormonal fluctuations that influence mood
- The responsibility of caring for a newborn
- Predisposition to mood and anxiety disorders
- Pregnancy and birth complications
- Breast-feeding problems
- Infant complications or special needs
- Poor social support
Perimenopause and menopause
Risk of depression may increase during the transition to menopause, a stage called perimenopause, when hormone levels may fluctuate erratically. Depression risk may also rise during early menopause or after menopause — both times when estrogen levels are significantly reduced.
Most women who experience bothersome menopausal symptoms don’t develop depression. But these factors may increase the risk:
- Interrupted or poor sleep
- Anxiety or a history of depression
- Stressful life events
- Weight gain or a higher body mass index (BMI)
- Menopause at a younger age
- Menopause caused by surgical removal of the ovaries
Life circumstances and culture
The higher rate of depression in women isn’t due to biology alone. Life circumstances and cultural stressors can play a role, too. Although these stressors also occur in men, it’s usually at a lower rate. Factors that may increase the risk of depression in women include:
- Unequal power and status. Women are much more likely than men to live in poverty, causing concerns such as uncertainty about the future and decreased access to community and health care resources. These issues can cause feelings of negativity, low self-esteem and lack of control over life.
- Work overload. Often women work outside the home and still handle home responsibilities. Many women deal with the challenges of single parenthood, such as working multiple jobs to make ends meet. Also, women may be caring for their children while also caring for sick or older family members.
- Sexual or physical abuse. Women who were emotionally, physically or sexually abused as children or adults are more likely to experience depression at some point in their lives than those who weren’t abused. Women are more likely than men to experience sexual abuse.
Other conditions that occur with depression
Women with depression often have other mental health conditions that need treatment as well, such as:
- Anxiety. Anxiety commonly occurs along with depression in women.
- Eating disorders. There’s a strong link between depression in women and eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia.
- Drug or alcohol misuse. Some women with depression also have some form of unhealthy substance use or dependence. Substance misuse can worsen depression and make it harder to treat.
Recognizing depression and seeking treatment
Although depression might seem overwhelming, there’s effective treatment. Even severe depression often can be successfully treated. Seek help if you have any signs and symptoms of depression, such as:
- Ongoing feelings of sadness, guilt or hopelessness
- Loss of interest in things you once enjoyed
- Significant changes in your sleep pattern, such as trouble falling or staying asleep or sleeping too much
- Fatigue or unexplained pain or other physical symptoms without an apparent cause
- Problems concentrating or remembering things
- Changes in appetite leading to significant weight loss or weight gain
- Physical aches and pains
- Feeling as though life isn’t worth living, or having thoughts of suicide
Not sure how to get treatment? Consider turning to your primary care provider first — for example, your family doctor, internist, nurse practitioner, obstetrician or gynecologist. If needed, your primary care provider can refer you to a mental health professional who specializes in diagnosing and treating depression.
Remember, depression is both common and treatable. If you think you’re depressed, don’t hesitate to seek help.
- Depressive disorders. In: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5. 5th ed. Arlington, Va.: American Psychiatric Association; 2013. https://dsm.psychiatryonline.org. Accessed Dec. 8, 2018.
- Depression in women: 5 things you should know. National Institute of Mental Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression-in-women/index.shtml. Accessed Dec. 8, 2018.
- Depression. Office on Women’s Health. https://www.womenshealth.gov/mental-health/mental-health-conditions/depression. Accessed Dec. 8, 2018.
- Depression among women. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/depression/index.htm. Accessed Dec. 8, 2018.
- Kuehner C. Why is depression more common among women than among men? Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4:146.
- Frequently asked questions. Labor, delivery, and postpartum care FAQ091. Postpartum depression. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Postpartum-Depression. Accessed Dec. 8, 2018.
- Frequently asked questions. Gynecological problems FAQ057. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS). American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Premenstrual-Syndrome-PMS. Accessed Dec. 8, 2018.
- Gender and women’s mental health. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/genderwomen/en/. Accessed Dec. 8, 2018.
- Lewis G, et al. The association between pubertal status and depressive symptoms and diagnosis in adolescent females: A population-based cohort study. PlosOne. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198804. Accessed Dec. 8, 2018.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, et al. Population characteristics: Women and poverty. In: Women’s Health USA 2013. Rockville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2013. https://mchb.hrsa.gov/whusa13/index.html. Accessed Dec. 8, 2018.
- Maki, PM, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of perimenopausal depression: Summary and recommendations. Journal of Women’s Health. In press. Accessed Dec. 8, 2018.
- Postpartum depression facts. National Institute of Mental Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/postpartum-depression-facts/index.shtml. Accessed Dec. 11, 2018.
- Nynas J, et al. Depression and anxiety following early pregnancy loss: Recommendations for primary care providers. Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders. https://www.psychiatrist.com/pcc/article/Pages/2015/v17n01/14r01721.aspx. Accessed Dec. 11, 2018.
- Hall-Flavin DK (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Dec. 12, 2018.
