Abnormal Activity of Brain Circuit Causes Anorexia

Summary: Hyperactivity in a serotonin-dopamine circuit in the brain appears to be responsible for persistent anorexia in animal models. The DRD1 receptor appears to drive the hyperactivity. Deleting the DRD1 gene restored normal eating behaviors in animals.

Source: Baylor College of Medicine

A team of researchers at Baylor College of Medicine, Louisiana State University and collaborating institutions has discovered that abnormal activity in a particular brain circuit underlies anorexia in an animal model of the condition.

Genetically and pharmacologically restoring the normal activity of the brain circuit improved the condition, opening the possibility of developing a treatment strategy for affected individuals in the future.

The study appears in Nature Neuroscience.

“Anorexia is an eating disorder. People affected are highly concerned about gaining weight and usually severely restrict the amount of food they eat and exercise excessively, which leads to severe weight loss. Anorexia has the highest mortality rate among all psychiatric diseases,” said lead author Dr. Yong Xu, professor of pediatrics – nutrition and molecular and cellular biology at Baylor.

“The condition has no approved treatment and the underlying cause is unclear. In this study we worked with an animal model of the condition that mimics many of the characteristics we observe in people to investigate brain circuit alterations that could be involved in the condition.”

Previous work in the Xu lab and by other groups has shown that dysfunction of dopamine and serotonin neurons, which regulate feeding, is associated with individuals with anorexia. However, how these two populations of neurons in the brain contribute to the condition was not clear.

“First, we found that under normal conditions dopamine neurons do communicate with serotonin neurons, and we studied this interaction to determine how it regulates feeding,” Xu said.

The researchers found that the strength of the signal transmitted along the dopamine-serotonin brain circuit determined how much the animals would eat.

“When dopamine neurons fired a lower-frequency signal, for example, between 2 and 10 Hertz, the result was inhibition of the serotonin neurons and overeating behavior,” Xu explained.

“On the other hand, when dopamine neurons fired at a higher frequency between 10 and 30 Hertz, the serotonin neurons were activated and this led to lack of feeding.”

The researchers then investigated whether the dopamine-serotonin circuit would play a role in the development or persistence of anorexia in a mouse model. They discovered that this brain circuit is super activated in the animal model, when compared to controls, providing an explanation for the animals’ lack of appetite and excessive exercising.

In addition, the team identified the dopamine receptor DRD1 as a key mediator of the hyperactivity of this circuit. Knocking out the DRD1 gene partially restored normal eating and exercise behaviors in the animals.

“The findings suggested that pharmacologically inhibiting the DRD1 receptor could also help reduce the circuit’s hyperactivity, an approach that could have clinical applications,” Xu said.

“Indeed, we found that a drug that interferes with DRD1 receptor activity can effectively prevent anorexia and weight loss in the animal model. These findings support further studies toward developing a similar therapeutic approach for individual with anorexia.”

Anorexia is more common in females than in males, but the reason for this difference is not clear. “In future work we plan to look into what mediates the differences between males and females and try to understand the mechanism,” Xu said.

Other contributors to this work include Xing Cai, Hailan Liu, Bing Feng, Meng Yu, Yang He, Hesong Liu, Chen Liang, Yongjie Yang, Longlong Tu, Nan Zhang, Lina Wang, Na Yin, Junying Han, Zili Yan, Chunmei Wang, Pingwen Xu, Qi Wu, Qingchun Tong and co-corresponding author Yanlin He. The authors are affiliated with one or more of the following institutions: Baylor College of Medicine, Louisiana State University and the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.

Funding: The investigators of this study were supported by grants from the NIH (NIH R01DK114279, R01DK109934, R21NS108091, R00 DK107008, R01 DK123098, P30 DK020595, K01DK119471, R01DK109194, R56DK109194, P01DK113954, R01DK115761, R01DK117281, R01DK120858 and P20 GM135002). Further support was provided by DOD (Innovative Grant W81XWH-19-PRMRP-DA), the Pew Charitable Trust awards (0026188), Baylor Collaborative Faculty Research Investment Program grants, USDA/CRIS (51000-064-01S) and the American Diabetes Association (7-13-JF-61, 1-17-PDF-138 and 1-15-BS-184).

Abstract

A D2 to D1 shift in dopaminergic inputs to midbrain 5-HT neurons causes anorexia in mice

Midbrain dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) neurons regulate motivated behaviors, including feeding, but less is known about how these circuits may interact.

In this study, we found that DA neurons in the mouse ventral tegmental area bidirectionally regulate the activity of 5-HT neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), with weaker stimulation causing DRD2-dependent inhibition and overeating, while stronger stimulation causing DRD1-dependent activation and anorexia.

Furthermore, in the activity-based anorexia (ABA) paradigm, which is a mouse model mimicking some clinical features of human anorexia nervosa (AN), we observed a DRD2 to DRD1 shift of DA neurotransmission on 5-HT^DRN neurons, which causes constant activation of these neurons and contributes to AN-like behaviors.

Finally, we found that systemic administration of a DRD1 antagonist can prevent anorexia and weight loss in ABA.

Our results revealed regulation of feeding behavior by stimulation strength-dependent interactions between DA and 5-HT neurons, which may contribute to the pathophysiology of AN.