Why Do We Remember Stressful Experiences Better?

Summary: Memories of objects from stressful situations rely on similar neural activity to memories of the stressful events themselves.

Source: RUB

Stressful experiences are usually remembered more easily than neutral experiences. Researchers at Ruhr-Universität Bochum (RUB) have analysed the reasons why this is the case. They put people in stressful situations during simulated job interviews and then recorded their memory of objects from these interviews.

Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, they analysed brain activity while the participants saw the objects again. Memories of objects from stressful situations seem to rely on similar brain activity as memories of the stress trigger itself.

The team headed by Anne Bierbrauer, Professor Oliver Wolf and Professor Nikolai Axmacher from the RUB Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience describes the findings in the journal Current Biology.

Different theories

“We usually have detailed images in your mind’s eye of stressful experiences, such as taking the driving test, even after many years,” says Oliver Wolf. “Whereas a walk through the park on the same day is quickly forgotten.” The neuroscientists at RUB would like to understand the reasons for this phenomenon.

Earlier studies and theoretical considerations had led to different predictions about how memories of stressful experiences differ from neutral ones:

“One idea was that very different memory representations might have been the key to more powerful memories; on the other hand, there were indications that stress memories have resembled each other more closely,” explains Anne Bierbrauer. The current study provides evidence for the second theory.

Analysing stressful experiences in the lab

Unlike in many laboratory studies, the researchers set out to record the memory trace of a real event in their experiments, using the so-called Trier Social Stress Test for this purpose. This test requires the participants to speak in front of an application committee, all of whom wear a neutral expression and don’t give any positive feedback. The test unfailingly triggers stress in the participants.

During the job interview simulation, the committee used a number of everyday objects; for example, one of the committee members took a sip from a coffee cup. The control group was confronted with the same objects, but the participants were not subjected to any stress.

One day later, the researchers showed the objects to participants in both groups while recording brain activity in a magnetic resonance imaging scanner. The stressed participants remembered the objects better than members of the control group.

The researchers analysed primarily the brain activity in the amygdala, a region whose main functions include emotional learning. They compared the neuronal traces of objects that had been used by the committee members in the stress situation with those of objects that hadn’t been used.

The result was: the memory traces of objects that had been used resembled each other more closely than those of objects that hadn’t been used. This was not the case in the control group. In other words, the brain representations of the objects from the stressful situations were very closely linked, and they were thus clearly set apart from other experiences.

Stressful memories are based on their resemblance to the stressor

One day after the stress test, the researchers showed the participants not only pictures of the objects from the job interview, but also photos of members of the committee. The participants mainly remembered objects where the brain activity was similar to the activity triggered by the presentation of the committee members.

“The committee members triggered the stress in the interview situation. Accordingly, it seems that the link between the objects and the stress triggers was crucial for the enhanced memory,” concludes Nikolai Axmacher.

The findings obtained in this study argue against the theory that stronger memories are triggered by memory representations that differ from each other as much as possible – at least when it comes to emotional or stressful memories. Rather, the mechanism that reinforces emotional memories appears to be rooted in the fact that the important aspects of the episode are linked at the neural level and become more closely related to the stress trigger.

“This result could be an important building block to better understand emotional and traumatic memories,” points out Anne Bierbrauer.

Abstract

The memory trace of a stressful episode

Stress influences episodic memory formation via noradrenaline and glucocorticoid effects on amygdala and hippocampus. A common finding is the improvement of memory for central aspects of a stressful episode. This is putatively related to changes in the neural representations of specific experiences, i.e., their memory traces.

Here we show that the memory improvement for objects that were encountered in a stressful episode relates to differences in the neural representations of these objects in the amygdala.

Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we found that stress specifically altered the representations of central objects: compared to control objects, they became more similar to one another and more distinct from objects that were not part of this episode.

Furthermore, higher similarity of central objects to the main stressor—the faces of the stress-inducing committee members—predicted better memory. This suggests that the central objects were closely integrated into a stressor-centered memory representation.

Our findings provide mechanistic insights into how stress shapes the memory trace and have profound implications for neurocognitive models of stressful and emotional memory.