How Parents Feed Kids Is Linked to Emotional Eating

Summary: Overall, restrictive eating was the only feeding practice that linked parent and child emotional eating.

Source: University of Oregon

Most people are familiar with using food as a way to get through a trying time.

Known as emotional eating, for some it can be a perfectly appropriate strategy for managing hard feelings, but for others it also can become a problematic way to cope.

A team from the UO College of Education looked at the interplay between the way parents feed their children and emotional eating by parents and children, as well as the influence the parent’s gender has on that association. Their goal was to better understand how child emotional eating develops and inform interventions that aim to prevent such behaviors from becoming unhealthy.

The study surveyed Oregon parents and asked how often they and their child engage in emotional eating. The researchers then explored what roles three different feeding practices parents typically use with their children might play.

Those include limiting a child’s food intake, or restrictive eating; using food to help change a child’s emotions, known as emotion regulation; and using food to punish or reward child behavior, called instrumental feeding.

“We were really interested in comparing different ways that parents feed their children and whether those feeding practices accounted for some of the link between parent and child emotional eating,” said Shaina Trevino, a graduate student in the College of Education who was the lead author of the study. She was joined by Health Promotion Initiative faculty members Nicole Giuliani, Nichole Kelly and Elizabeth Budd.

“That link between parent and child emotional eating has been shown in the literature for quite some time now, and so we were really looking to see, in general, how do parents feed their child and how that influences the relationship between parent and child emotional eating,” Trevino added.

And even though that link has been previously established, the study is the first to examine the role each feeding practice might play in the emotional eating as well as the role of a parent’s gender.

“Because we did have this sample of both mothers and fathers, which is kind of rare in this type of literature—a lot of the literature is only on mothers—we really wanted to dig into that a little bit more and look at how gender influences those relations, too,” Trevino said.

They discovered that, overall, restrictive eating was the only feeding practice that linked parent and child emotional eating.

“We actually found that restriction accounted for the relationship of parent-child emotional eating above and beyond those other factors,” Trevino said. “That was just unexpected.”

And when it came to mothers, restricting their children’s food intake and a mother’s own emotional eating were the key factors influencing kids’ tendency to eat emotionally.

“For mothers, it’s their emotional eating possibly being modeled to the children, or that children are maybe around them more or just are seeing it more often,” Trevino said.

For fathers, however, all three types of eating practices were found to play a role in emotional eating for their children.

“What that means is that feeding for behavioral reasons, feeding for emotion regulation reasons, and then the restrictions, those all accounted for the emotional eating relation,” Trevino said. “There was no longer an association between a father’s emotional eating and a child’s emotional eating that was not accounted for by how fathers feed their children.”

This study, which surveyed 324 mothers and 86 fathers, is more of an early exploratory look at the issue because of the lack of participation by fathers.

“The main takeaway of the study is that emotional eating and feeding practices are operating differently for both mothers and fathers, and that really should influence the research in this area,” Trevino said.

Another finding that jumped out at Trevino and should be further explored is that father feeding practices seemed to be more important in the relationship between child emotional eating and parent emotional eating than mothers, while mothers have had the majority of the spotlight in this area.

“I think this sheds an initial light on the fact that fathers matter, too, and maybe even more in this context of parent-child emotional eating and feeding practices,” Trevino said.

“There are a lot of caveats that we need to take with these data,” Giuliani added. “Because it’s hard for us to know why there are these differences, If it has to do with the sample itself or if it has to do with something larger about how eating and feeding practices influence child eating behavior in mothers versus fathers.”

And not all emotional eating is bad, Kelly noted. The issue arises when people over-rely on it as a way of dealing with emotions.

“There’s probably a healthy level of emotional eating and then there’s probably not, and we’re not actually quite sure where that is yet,” she said.

Trevino said the research marks another step toward heading off any unhealthy behaviors before they take root.

“And that’s one of the reasons why we chose feeding practices as a potential mediator to account for that emotional eating relationship, because you can train parents to change the way that they’re feeding their child and make them more aware of those things,” Trevino said. “And then hopefully by choosing something that you can intervene on, you are influencing the emotional eating. So the hope is that we can use this type of model to reduce unhealthy child emotional eating by influencing how parents are feeding their children.”

Abstract

Parent Gender Affects the Influence of Parent Emotional Eating and Feeding Practices on Child Emotional Eating

Extant research supports a direct association between parent’s own emotional eating and their child’s emotional eating, and demonstrates correlations among parent emotional eating, feeding practices, and child emotional eating. However, the majority of this work focuses on the separate influences of these factors.

The current study aims to add to the literature by simultaneously examining the indirect effects of three major parental feeding practices (i.e., emotion regulation, instrumental, and restrictive feeding) in the association between parent emotional eating and child emotional eating, and exploring how these indirect effects vary based on parent gender. Parents (86 fathers, 324 mothers) of an elementary school-age child (M = 8.35, SD = 2.29, range = 5–13) completed an online survey through Qualtrics Panels. Results suggested that restrictive feeding partially accounted for the association between parent and child emotional eating in the combined sample of mothers and fathers.

Exploratory analyses revealed that the indirect effects of parental feeding practices in the association between parent emotional eating and child emotional eating varied based on parent gender. Among mothers, restrictive feeding was the only feeding practice that partially accounted for the association between maternal and child emotional eating, whereas all three feeding practices fully accounted for the association between father and child emotional eating.

As the bulk of the literature on parent emotional eating and feeding has solely focused on mothers, these findings offer insight into how feeding practices may differentially function in the relation between parent emotional eating and child emotional eating for mothers versus fathers.