Sleep Disorders

overview

Sleep disorders are a group of conditions that affect the ability to sleep well on a regular basis. Whether they are caused by a health problem or by too much stress, sleep disorders are becoming increasingly common in the United States.

In fact, more than one-third of adultsTrusted Source in the United States report getting fewer than 7 hours of sleep in a 24-hour period. More than 70 percentTrusted Source of high school students report getting fewer than 8 hours of sleep on weeknights.

Most people occasionally experience sleeping problems due to stress, hectic schedules, and other outside influences. However, when these issues begin to occur on a regular basis and interfere with daily life, they may indicate a sleeping disorder.

Depending on the type of sleep disorder, people may have a difficult time falling asleep and may feel extremely tired throughout the day. The lack of sleep can have a negative impact on energy, mood, concentration, and overall health.

In some cases, sleep disorders can be a symptom of another medical or mental health condition. These sleeping problems may eventually go away once treatment is obtained for the underlying cause.

When sleep disorders aren’t caused by another condition, treatment normally involves a combination of medical treatments and lifestyle changes.

It’s important to receive a diagnosis and treatment right away if you suspect you might have a sleep disorder. When left untreated, the negative effects of sleep disorders can lead to further health consequences.

They can also affect your performance at work, cause strain in relationships, and impair your ability to perform daily activities.

What are the different types of sleep disorders?

There are many different types of sleep disorders. Some may be caused by other underlying health conditions.

Insomnia

Insomnia refers to the inability to fall asleep or to remain asleep. It can be caused by jet lag, stress and anxiety, hormones, or digestive problems. It may also be a symptom of another condition.

Insomnia can be problematic for your overall health and quality of life, potentially causing:

depression
difficulty concentrating
irritability
weight gain
impaired work or school performance

Unfortunately, insomnia is extremely common. Up to 50 percent of American adults experience it at some point in their lives.

The disorder is most prevalent among older adults and women.

Insomnia is usually classified as one of three types:

chronic, when insomnia happens on a regular basis for at least 1 month
intermittent, when insomnia occurs periodically
transient, when insomnia lasts for just a few nights at a time

Sleep apnea

Sleep apnea is characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep. This is a serious medical condition that causes the body to take in less oxygen. It can also cause you to wake up during the night.

There are two types:

obstructive sleep apnea, where the flow of air stops because airway space is obstructed or too narrow, and
central sleep apnea, where there is a problem in the connection between the brain and the muscles that control your breath.

Parasomnias

Parasomnias are a class of sleep disorders that cause abnormal movements and behaviors during sleep. They include:

sleepwalking
sleep talking
groaning
nightmares
bedwetting
teeth grinding or jaw clenching

Restless leg syndrome

Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is an overwhelming need to move the legs. This urge is sometimes accompanied by a tingling sensation in the legs. While these symptoms can occur during the day, they are most prevalent at night.

RLS is often associated with certain health conditions, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Parkinson’s disease, but the exact cause isn’t always known.

Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy is characterized by “sleep attacks” that occur while awake. This means that you will suddenly feel extremely tired and fall asleep without warning.

The disorder can also cause sleep paralysis, which may make you physically unable to move right after waking up. Although narcolepsy may occur on its own, it is also associated with certain neurological disorders, such as multiple sclerosis.

Symptoms

Symptoms differ depending on the severity and type of sleeping disorder. They may also vary when sleep disorders are a result of another condition.

However, general symptoms of sleep disorders include:

difficulty falling or staying asleep
daytime fatigue
strong urge to take naps during the day
unusual breathing patterns
unusual or unpleasant urges to move while falling asleep
unusual movement or other experiences while asleep
unintentional changes to your sleep/wake schedule
irritability or anxiety
impaired performance at work or school
lack of concentration
depression
weight gain

Causes

There are many conditions, diseases, and disorders that can cause sleep disturbances. In many cases, sleep disorders develop as a result of an underlying health problem.

Allergies and respiratory problems

Allergies, colds, and upper respiratory infections can make it challenging to breathe at night. The inability to breathe through your nose can also cause sleeping difficulties.

Frequent urination

Nocturia, or frequent urination, may disrupt your sleep by causing you to wake up during the night. Hormonal imbalances and diseases of the urinary tract may contribute to the development of this condition.

Be sure to call your doctor right away if frequent urination is accompanied by bleeding or pain.

Chronic pain

Constant pain can make it difficult to fall asleep. It might even wake you up after you fall asleep. Some of the most common causes of chronic pain include:

arthritis
chronic fatigue syndrome
fibromyalgia
inflammatory bowel disease
persistent headaches
continuous lower back pain

In some cases, chronic pain may even be exacerbated by sleep disorders. For instance, doctors believe the development of fibromyalgia might be linked to sleeping problems.

Stress and anxiety

Stress and anxiety often have a negative impact on sleep quality. It can be difficult for you to fall asleep or to stay asleep. Nightmares, sleep talking, or sleepwalking may also disrupt your sleep.

Diagnosis

Your doctor will first perform a physical exam and gather information about your symptoms and medical history. They may also order various tests, including:

Polysomnography (PSG): This is a lab sleep study that evaluates oxygen levels, body movements, and brain waves to determine how they disrupt sleep vs. home sleep study (HST) that is performed in your own and is used to diagnose sleep apnea.
Electroencephalogram (EEG): This is a test that assesses electrical activity in the brain and detects any potential problems associated with this activity. It’s part of a polysomnography.
Multiple sleep latency test (MSLT): This daytime napping study is used in conjunction with a PSG at night to help diagnose narcolepsy.

These tests can be crucial in determining the right course of treatment for sleep disorders.

Treatment

Treatment for sleep disorders can vary depending on the type and underlying cause. However, it generally includes a combination of medical treatments and lifestyle changes.

Medical treatments

Medical treatment for sleep disturbances might include any of the following:

sleeping pills
melatonin supplements
allergy or cold medication
medications for any underlying health issues
breathing device or surgery (usually for sleep apnea)
a dental guard (usually for teeth grinding)

Lifestyle changes

Lifestyle adjustments can greatly improve your quality of sleep, especially when they’re done along with medical treatments. You may want to consider:

incorporating more vegetables and fish into your diet, and reducing sugar intake
reducing stress and anxiety by exercising and stretching
creating and sticking to a regular sleeping schedule
drinking less water before bedtime
limiting your caffeine intake, especially in the late afternoon or evening
decreasing tobacco and alcohol use
eating smaller low carbohydrate meals before bedtime
maintaining a healthy weight based on your doctor’s recommendations

Going to bed and waking up at the same time every day can also significantly improve your sleep quality. While you might be tempted to sleep in on the weekends, this can make it more difficult to wake up and fall asleep during the workweek.

Outlook

The effects of sleep disorders can be so disruptive that you will likely want immediate relief. Unfortunately, long-term cases can take a bit more time to resolve.

However, if you stick with your treatment plan and regularly communicate with your doctor, you can find your way to better sleep.

References